| Formatted Contents Note: |
Introduction -- The Origins of On Gangs -- The Structure of On Gangs -- Acknowledgments -- Part I: Core Issues -- Chapter 1: Defining Gangs, Gang Members, and Gang Crime -- Defining a Gang -- Defining a Gang Member -- Defining a Gang Crime -- Counting Gangs, Gang Members, and Gang Crimes -- History and Trends in Gangs and Gang Behaviors -- Correlates of Gang Involvement -- Demographics -- Social Ecology and Socioeconomic Status -- Conclusion -- Chapter 2: Structure, Culture, and Gangs in Communities -- The Unequal Distribution of Gang Activity: A Tale of Two Communities -- Emergence and Persistence of Gangs in Communities: An Organizing Framework -- Social Disorganization Theory -- Underclass Theory -- Anomie Theory -- Subcultural Theory -- Empirical Research on Gangs in Communities -- Conclusion -- Chapter 3: Gang Structure and Organization -- The Organizational Structure of Gangs -- The Features and Characteristics of Gangs -- Gang Leaders -- Gang Rules -- Gang Roles -- Gang Meetings -- Gang Money -- Comparing Gangs to Other Criminal Groups -- Gangs and Terrorist Groups -- Gangs and Organized Crime Groups -- Gangs and Drug Smugglers -- Gangs and Governance -- Conclusion -- Chapter 4: Joining the Gang -- A Life-Course Perspective on Gang Membership -- Gang Embeddedness -- Why do Some People End Up in Gangs When Others Do Not? -- Criminal Propensity Theory -- Social Bond Theory -- General Strain Theory -- Social Learning Theory -- Gang Membership Trait Theory -- Gang Membership Integrated Theories -- Signaling Theory -- Risk Factors and Empirical Support for Micro-Level Theories -- Why Do Youth Join Gangs? -- How Do Youth Join Gangs? -- Conclusion -- Chapter 5: Continuity and Change in Gang Membership -- Defining Persistence and Disengagement -- Continuity in Gang Membership -- Duration of Gang Membership -- Sources of Continuity in Gang Membership -- Disengagement from Gangs -- Conceptual Framework -- Why Do People Leave Gangs? -- How do People Leave Gangs? -- Conclusion -- Chapter 6: Gangs, Crime, and Violence -- Overrepresentation of Gang Members as Offenders and Victims -- Drug Use -- Drug Dealing -- Gun Ownership and Carrying -- Victimization -- Theoretical Models of Gang Membership, Crime, and Victimization -- Thornberry et al.'s Selection, Facilitation, and Enhancement Models -- State of the Evidence on Theoretical Models -- Controversy over Findings on Victimization -- Group Process and the Enhancement Effect -- Opportunity Structures -- Normative Influence -- Status Concerns -- Collective Behavior -- Gangs, Networks, and The Cycle of Violence -- Conclusion -- Part II: Emerging and Critical Issues -- Chapter 7: Women, Gender, and Gangs -- The Scope of Female Gang Involvement -- Perspectives on Females and Gangs: Liberated, Exploited, or Marginalized? -- The Marginalization Hypothesis: Frederic Thrasher and Female Invisibility -- The Liberation Hypothesis: Anne Campbell and Female Autonomy -- The Social Injury Hypothesis: Joan Moore and Female Exploitation -- Where do The Molls Stand? -- Girls in the Gang -- Pathways into Gang Membership -- Life in the Gang -- Leaving the Gang -- Masculinities, Gender, and Gangs -- Conclusion -- Chapter 8: Race, Ethnicity, and Gangs -- The Racialized Construction of Criminal Gangs -- The Prevalence of Gang Membership by Race and Ethnicity -- Racial and Ethnic Homophily in Gangs -- Immigration and Gang Formation -- Racism and Gang Formation -- (Sub)Culture, Migration, Appropriation, and Gangs -- Conclusion -- Chapter 9: Gangs Around the World -- Gangs in Europe (and Beyond) -- Gangs in The United Kingdom -- Gangs in Canada -- Gangs in Latin America and the Caribbean -- Gangs in Africa, Asia, and Oceania -- Conclusion -- Chapter 10: Gangs and Social Institutions -- Gangs and the Family -- Gangs in Schools -- Gangs and the Labor Market -- Gangs and Politics -- Gangs and Religion -- Gangs, Media, and Technology -- Is the Gang a Social Institution? -- Has the Gang Become a Family? -- Do Gangs "Run" Public Schools? -- Do Gangs Replace Conventional Employment? -- Conclusion -- Part III: Responding to Gangs -- Chapter 11: Policing Gangs -- The Police Role in Gang Prevention -- The Police Role in Gang Suppression -- Policing Gangs Beyond Suppression -- Police Gang Units -- Police Gang Databases -- Conclusion -- Chapter 12: Gangs and Gang Members in Prison -- Defining and Measuring Gangs and Gang Membership in Prison -- The Contested Emergence and Proliferation of Gangs in Prison -- Theories of Prison Gang Emergence -- The Characteristics of Prison Gangs -- Transitions in Prison Gang Membership -- Joining Gangs in Prison -- Avoiding Gangs in Prison -- Leaving Gangs in Prison -- Offending and Victimization in Prison -- Responding to Prison Gangs -- Gang Members, Reentry, and Recidivism -- Conclusion -- Chapter 13: Anti-Gang Legislation and Legal Responses -- The Purpose of Anti-Gang Legislation -- Targeted Gang Legislation -- Defining Gang Activity -- Shared Gang Databases -- Gang Sentencing Enhancements -- Gang Participation and Recruitment -- Repurposed Gang Legislation -- Criminal Enterprise Laws -- Public Nuisance Laws -- Auxiliary Gang Legislation: The 1994 Crime Bill -- Gangs and the Courtroom -- Conclusion -- Chapter 14: What Works, What Doesn't, and How do we Know? -- What Works and Best Practices in Gang Intervention -- Gang Response Strategies -- Community Organization -- Social Intervention -- Opportunities Provision -- Suppression -- Organizational Development and Change -- Prevention -- The Legacy of Irving Spergel and the Comprehensive Gang Strategy -- Hybrid Programs -- Assessing the Gang Intervention Findings -- Assessing a "Promising Practice": A Case of Implementation Failure -- Continuing Issues in Responding to Gangs -- Delinquency Programs or Gang Programs? -- Denial -- The Role of Gang Members in Responding to Gang Crime Problems -- Variation and Change in Gang Crime Problems -- Connecting Practice to Theory -- Conclusion. |
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